药物混粉爆炸事故及防范对策的研究

从近几年制药行业频繁爆炸事故出发,分析制药行业爆炸事故的种类,从粉尘爆炸入手,以某制药企业为研究对象,对其爆炸粉体克拉维酸钾进行了爆炸参数测试,运用20L球形粉尘爆炸测试装置测定其爆炸下限为40g/m3。同时运用差热扫描热分析法对其进行放热反应进行研究,再利用毛细管气相色谱法对该混合物中是否存在可燃气体进行了评定,发现其存在丙酮可燃气体,但含量较低为9.3×10-5。针对上述特点,从技术和管理角度出发,分析应对措施以及常见的问题,设计了混粉机械人机界面,编制了安全检查表,对该类共性问题进行了归纳,以供防范药物混粉事故发生参考。     

混合液体火灾爆炸危险性——闪点预测与实验研究

支持向量机应用核函数技术,已经成为当前国际上一个研究的热点,由于支持向量机具有良好的理论基础和泛化性能,可将其引入到混合液体闪点预测的研究之中,以期建立准确、高效的预测模型。本文建立了一个基于支持向量机的理论模型,用于预测二元互溶混合液体的闪点。根据所研究混合液体的物理性质,选择了纯物质的粘度、表面张力、配比、燃烧下限等物理参数来表征闪点,以这些参数作为输入参数,二元混合液体的闪点作为输出值,应用支持向量机方法对两者之间的内在定量关系进行模拟。结果表明,闪点预测值与实验值符合良好。本方法的提出为工程上提出了一种预测二元互溶液体闪点的有效方法,可应用于评估混合溶液的火灾爆炸危害性及本质较安全设计。     

Estimating Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis migration using a mass balance model expressed by hydrological distribution parameters in a major limpid river basin in Japan

We examined the influence of several hydrological and meteorological parameters on the migratory movements of ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis in central Japan. When comprehensively evaluating rivers and ayu behaviour on a catchment scale, the subjects of analysis typically include human activities and hydrological and meteorological phenomena. However, limiting analyses to such factors may be too restrictive when human activities are being conducted. Accordingly, we incorporated a biological viewpoint into the evaluation method, analysing hydrological data (river discharge, river water temperature, sea water temperature) to determine watershed characteristics and examining the relationship between these characteristics and the habitat conditions of ayu. Then we constructed a numerical model for ayu migratory runs that incorporated ayu ecology and watershed characteristics. Analyses of ayu movements from a lower estuarine dam demonstrated that downstream displacements were associated with high water flows of more than 200 m³ s⁻¹ at the beginning of summer. We conclude that it is important to consider the effects of environmental parameters on the movements of different fish species to understand the causes of spatial variation in fish distribution in lowland rivers.     

Thirty year monitoring of PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and tetrabromodiphenylether in eel from The Netherlands

Because of their excellent properties as a biomonitor, yellow eels (Anguilla anguilla) have been used for time-trend monitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and tetrabrominated diphenylether (tetra-BDE). The program has now lasted for thirty years and has delivered valuable information on trends and spatial differences of these compounds in the delta of the rivers Rhine and Meuse and other Dutch canals, rivers and lakes. Specific local PCB, HCH and dieldrin contaminations were identified. Temporal trends show a slow decrease of PCB concentrations since 1977. Eels from the rivers Rhine and Meuse still exceed present European maximum residue limits for dioxin-like PCBs. Apart from some exceptions, OCP and tetra-BDE concentrations have also decreased, and more than those of PCBs. Fat contents of eel have decreased from an average of 21 to ca. 13%. This decrease in fat contents, coincides with the strong reduction of the European eel stock.     

振动试验中主要参数的计算推导及应用

振动试验中用到较多的参数,本文结合正弦和随机振动中的主要参数进行推导计算并举例,提供实际工程应用中的理论基础支持。     

Interactions Among the Copper Species and Forms in Sea Water/Sediments and Copper Bioaccumulation in Oysters

Abstract

Earlier papers indicated that the first incident of green discoloration in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and the mass mortality observed in 1986 along the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal area were caused by the higher contents of total copper and copper species (mainly bioavailable and free ion) in sea water. the copper in sea water would be sorbed by suspended matter and transferred to sediments, and the copper in the sediments would also be desorbed to sea water. Processes of copper adsorption and desorption are the major factors influencing the contents of total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments. in this study, the Erhjin Chi sediments were mixed with sea water by a shaker technique. When the mixture was shaken for one hour, analogous to tidal mixing in estuaries, only copper desorption from sediments was observed. If the shaking time is increased for more than 3 hours, the copper released from the sediments was resorbed to the remaining solid phases. the higher the contents of mud (91.71%) and total copper (701 mg kg^?1) in sediments, the higher the copper desorption rate (1.86 ppm hr^?1) and copper adsorption rate (0.50 ppm hr^?1) were observed. in sediments containing lower mud (0.80%) and lower copper (43.5 mg kg^?1), the copper desorption and adsorption rates were 0.83 ppm hr^?1 and 0.22 ppm hr^?1, respectively. the interactions among the total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments, chemical and ecological parameters, and copper bioaccumulation in oysters in the Erhjin Chi estuarine and coastal area are also discussed.     

棉秆基活性炭的制备及其对2,4-二硝基苯酚的吸附

以棉秆为原料，以KOH为活化剂，制备了高比表面棉秆基生物质活性炭。分析了制得的活性炭的元素组成、表面官能团、吸附能力等物化性能，探讨了浸渍比，活化温度，活化时间等工艺参数对制备活性炭得率、表面官能团、碘值、亚甲基蓝值等性能的影响，并通过静态吸附实验比较了不同条件下制备活性炭对2，4-二硝基苯酚的吸附性能，探讨了典型炭样品对2，4-二硝基苯酚的等温吸附特性。结果表明，KOH活化棉秆基生物质活性炭的表面物化性质随浸渍比、活化温度等工艺参数变化而变化，活化适宜条件为浸渍比1：3、活化温度800℃、活化时间90 min，在此条件下制得的炭样的碘值为1 251 mg/g，亚甲基蓝吸附值为478 mg/g，分别是国家一级品标准的1.25倍与3.54倍；对2，4-二硝基苯酚的Langmuir最大吸附量为747 mg/g，与Freundlich模型相比，Langmuir模型能较好地描述2，4-二硝基苯酚在炭样上的吸附行为，表明制备活性炭样品表面吸附位的能量分布较为均一。     

可旋转径向式微粒捕集器消声特性影响因素灰色关联分析

为降低可旋转径向式微粒捕集器中的排气噪声,采用有限元法建立可旋转径向式微粒捕集器声学特性模型,分析得到了其消声特性和传递损失曲线,并采用灰色关联分析方法研究可旋转径向式微粒捕集器结构参数对消声特性的影响程度。结果表明,可旋转径向式微粒捕集器具有降噪能力,且对高频噪声消声效果明显好于低频噪声,平均消声量为20 dB左右;直径比和扩张管锥角是影响可旋转径向式微粒捕集器消声特性的2个主要因素,适当选用小的直径比和扩张管锥角,有利于提高可旋转径向式微粒捕集器的消声性能。     

环境监测能力建设与仪器支撑

在总结我国环境监测技术和仪器发展的基础上,从"十二五"环境监测工作发展的需要,阐明了我国环境监测技术和监测仪器存在的问题以及未来的发展趋势。     

苏南某市河流水质参数时空变异性研究

以苏南某市区320km2内的河流为研究对象,基于对高锰酸盐指数、NH3-N、TP3个主要水质参数的监测,应用地质统计学的变差函数球状模型和Kriging插值法,对河流有机污染指标、富营养化指标进行了空间插值,用以揭示其时空分布特征及变化趋势,并绘制了时空分布等值线图。结果表明,受不同区域污染物来源的差异、不同河道自身条件的差异和不同水期水生植物、入流水量、河水流动性的差异等因素的影响,研究区河流水质参数呈现出不同的时空变异特征;各水质参数污染均相当严重,尤以富营养化指标氮磷最为显著。